Journals >Advanced Photonics Nexus
Contents
2026
Volume: 5 Issue 3
21 Article(s)
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Reviews
Thermal management in copackaged optics: from device assembly to system operation | Editors' Pick
Zhonghua Yang, Guopeng He, Yufeng Li, Yu Sun, Wenbo Luo, and Wanli Zhang
The rapid surge in global data traffic, driven by artificial intelligence and hyperscale data centers, has established copackaged optics (CPO) as a pivotal technology for next-generation high-bandwidth and low-power interconnects. By integrating optical engines directly with application-specific integrated circuits (ASThe rapid surge in global data traffic, driven by artificial intelligence and hyperscale data centers, has established copackaged optics (CPO) as a pivotal technology for next-generation high-bandwidth and low-power interconnects. By integrating optical engines directly with application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) on a single substrate, CPO significantly reduces electrical link lengths and power consumption. However, the extreme power density of ASICs, together with the temperature sensitivity of photonic components, makes thermal management a critical bottleneck for CPO performance and reliability. We provide a comprehensive review of thermal management in CPO, encompassing various aspects from device assembly to system operation. We systematically discuss the packaging strategies and thermal reliability of lasers and fiber arrays, address thermal design considerations at both chip and package levels, and evaluate advanced thermal interface materials alongside module-level cooling technologies. Finally, we provide perspectives on future optoelectronic co-design and the thermal challenges of next-generation optical interconnects..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 19, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 034001 (2026)
High-performance CsPbBr3 perovskite single crystals for gamma-ray detection
Dongzhen Liu, Haoyang Guan, Zhengguang Yan, Lin Ma, Qingsong Hu, Guilin Liu, and Jiawen Xiao
All-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals have emerged as a transformative platform for room-temperature gamma-ray spectrometers, driving significant advancements from fundamental research to practical applications over the past decade. In this review, we systematically analyze their material advantages for radiAll-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals have emerged as a transformative platform for room-temperature gamma-ray spectrometers, driving significant advancements from fundamental research to practical applications over the past decade. In this review, we systematically analyze their material advantages for radiation detection and summarize their recent advances in gamma-ray detection technology. Owing to the critical dependence of device performance on crystal quality, we critically evaluate material synthesis strategies, including solution-based methods (inverse temperature crystallization and antisolvent vapor crystallization) and melt-growth approaches (particularly the Bridgman method). Special emphasis is placed on breakthroughs in crystal quality and dimensional control achieved through additive engineering, precise thermal management, and advanced precursor purification. Regarding device architecture, we assess innovative designs such as Schottky junctions, quasihemispherical electrodes, pixelated arrays, and virtual Frisch grids, which have significantly enhanced energy resolution from basic photon counting to performance levels approaching the theoretical limit. We also address persistent challenges, including ion migration effects, manufacturing scalability, and long-term operational stability. We further outline strategic research directions encompassing advanced material engineering, device architectures, and standardization frameworks, providing valuable guidance for accelerating the industrialization of this technology..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 07, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 034002 (2026)
Review of glass substrates for co-packaged optics: fabrication and performance of integrated electro-optical structures | Editors' Pick
Xin Chen, Bohui Gao, Zhixin Sheng, Xiaomeng Wu, Huimin He, and Haiyun Xue
The development of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing has driven increasing demand for higher aggregate data throughput, single-channel transmission rates, and lower power consumption in data centers. Co-packaged optics (CPO) technology presents a promising solution to these challenges. Glass substrThe development of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing has driven increasing demand for higher aggregate data throughput, single-channel transmission rates, and lower power consumption in data centers. Co-packaged optics (CPO) technology presents a promising solution to these challenges. Glass substrates, owing to their excellent electrical and optical properties, are a highly promising candidate for CPO platforms. This review focuses on glass substrates for large-scale integrated CPO applications. First, the materials of glass substrates are compared: alkali glass for high-performance ion-exchange (IOX) optical waveguides and alkali-free glass for reliable electrical packaging. Next, electrical interconnection processes—through-glass-via (TGV) and redistribution layer (RDL) fabrication—are detailed. TGV+RDL structures achieve bandwidths up to 110 GHz, with RDL line densities exceeding 500 lines / mm at 2 μm line/space. Standard 40 μm diameter TGVs provide densities of 100 to 2500 vias / mm2 at 20 to 130 μm pitch. Furthermore, we examine and compare several manufacturing processes for glass optical waveguides, which are critical for optical coupling in CPO. For optical coupling, various waveguide fabrication methods are analyzed, with IOX being the dominant technique, yielding propagation losses as low as 0.034 dB / cm. Finally, the applications, opportunities, and challenges for glass-based CPO are summarized..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 24, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 034003 (2026)
Research Articles
Hybrid optoelectronic-integrated module design for quantum communication | Editors' Pick
Zhao-Yuan Chen, Yan-Fei Liu, Xiao-Sheng Si, Hao Zheng, Tian-Mei Li, Lei Feng, and Hǎo Zheng
Quantum key distribution (QKD) technology is progressively transitioning from experimental research to industrial development. The development of highly integrated and stable QKD modules has thus emerged as a new research direction. Current integrated QKD research primarily focuses on the integration of optical systemsQuantum key distribution (QKD) technology is progressively transitioning from experimental research to industrial development. The development of highly integrated and stable QKD modules has thus emerged as a new research direction. Current integrated QKD research primarily focuses on the integration of optical systems, with relatively few studies addressing optoelectronic co-integration. Due to the more stringent demands of QKD systems on driving signal amplitude, noise, and bandwidth, the driving electronics become more complex and power-intensive, making it difficult to achieve the level of optoelectronic integration seen in classical optical communication systems. We propose a hybrid optoelectronic integrating scheme for QKD modules based on chip-on-board technology, which co-packages the QKD-encoding photonic chip and its required electronic driver chips within a compact, centimeter-scale module. By optimizing the layout structure, incorporating thermal management, and implementing active temperature control, the module temperature can be stabilized within a set range. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the module has a total power consumption of 7.69 W and can maintain a stable temperature of 45°C for extended periods when the thermoelectric cooler is active. This effectively ensures the stable operation of the photonic chip and supports long-term QKD functionality, thereby providing technical support for advancing hybrid optoelectronic integrated QKD systems..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Jan. 24, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036001 (2026)
Silicon photonic microring-based eight-channel wavelength-division multiplexing transceiver for high-density optical interconnects | Editors' Pick
Shenlei Bao, Chao Cheng, Xianglin Bu, Houyou Lai, Xishan Yu, Jianjun Zhou, Jintao Xue, Wenfu Zhang, and Binhao Wang
We demonstrate a fully integrated eight-channel dense wavelength-division multiplexing silicon photonic transceiver supporting 200-Gbps per-channel PAM4 operation, enabling a total chip-to-chip data rate of 1.6 Tbps. The transmitter employs compact single-bus microring modulators, whereas the receiver adopts a polarizaWe demonstrate a fully integrated eight-channel dense wavelength-division multiplexing silicon photonic transceiver supporting 200-Gbps per-channel PAM4 operation, enabling a total chip-to-chip data rate of 1.6 Tbps. The transmitter employs compact single-bus microring modulators, whereas the receiver adopts a polarization diversity architecture based on cascaded dual-ring filters and integrates a bidirectionally incident photodetector, maintaining stable performance under arbitrary input polarization. A unified multi-channel thermo-optic feedback architecture is implemented at both the transmitter and receiver, enabling cooperative link-level wavelength alignment without pre-calibration. This multi-channel parallel control scheme reduces wavelength locking time by ∼30 × while achieving fine wavelength-tracking accuracy of 2.74 pm with negligible thermal overhead. Comprehensive device- and system-level experiments validate the robustness and scalability of the proposed architecture. We uniquely address the critical bottlenecks of high polarization sensitivity and latency in wavelength alignment through a highly integrated silicon photonic architecture. By implementing polarization-splitting grating couplers and synchronized wavelength-locking schemes, we provide a transformative solution for high-density co-packaged optics. Our approach significantly reduces system footprint, enhances operational reliability, and improves power efficiency, thereby bridging the gap between laboratory demonstrations and practical 1.6-Tbps scale chip-to-chip interconnects..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 10, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036002 (2026)
Mid-infrared chemical imaging of living cells enabled by plasmonic metasurfaces
Steven H. Huang, Po-Ting Shen, Aditya Mahalanabish, Giovanni Sartorello, Jenny Li, Xuefeng Liu, and Gennady Shvets
Mid-infrared (MIR) chemical imaging provides rich chemical information of biological samples in a label-free and nondestructive manner. Yet, its adoption for live-cell analysis is limited by the strong attenuation of MIR light in water, often necessitating cell culture geometries that are incompatible with the prolongeMid-infrared (MIR) chemical imaging provides rich chemical information of biological samples in a label-free and nondestructive manner. Yet, its adoption for live-cell analysis is limited by the strong attenuation of MIR light in water, often necessitating cell culture geometries that are incompatible with the prolonged viability of cells. Here, we introduce a new approach to MIR microscopy, where cells are imaged through their localized near-field interaction with a plasmonic metasurface. Chemical contrast of distinct molecular groups provided sub-cellular resolution images of the proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in the cells that were collected using an inverted MIR microscope. Time-lapse imaging of living cells demonstrated that their behaviors, including motility, viability, and substrate adhesion, can be monitored over extended periods of time using low-power MIR light. The presented approach provides a method for the nonperturbative MIR imaging of living cells, which is well-suited for integration with modern high-throughput screening technologies for the label-free, high-content chemical imaging of living cells..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 14, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036003 (2026)
Single-shot reconstruction of high-dimensional complex orbital angular momentum spectrum under system misalignment
Xiao Wang, Shupeng Zhao, Zhuhe Jing, Ruifeng Liu, Yongchang Zhang, Pei Zhang, Hong Gao, and Fuli Li
The detection of orbital angular momentum (OAM) is fundamental for advancing various applications involving vortex beams. Current measurement methodologies face challenges such as inefficiencies, complex system configurations, and the requirement for high interference stability. The notable challenges of OAM reconstrucThe detection of orbital angular momentum (OAM) is fundamental for advancing various applications involving vortex beams. Current measurement methodologies face challenges such as inefficiencies, complex system configurations, and the requirement for high interference stability. The notable challenges of OAM reconstruction are system misalignment and single-shot measurement. We propose a model-driven artificial neural network approach to reconstruct high-dimensional complex OAM spectra from single-shot diffraction intensity measurement under system misalignment, eliminating the need for extensive experimental data for training. Our approach may advance OAM-based high-dimensional information encoding and optical communication while also fostering further exploration at the intersection of physical models and neural networks..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 14, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036004 (2026)
Programmable phase-coded microwave signal generation with tunable duty cycle via bias voltage modulation in an optoelectronic oscillator
Hang Xiao, Di Peng, Ya Han, Heyun Tan, Jianping Li, Meng Xiang, Songnian Fu, Shuoyang Qiu, and Yuwen Qin
Key parameters of microwave signals, including frequency, phase noise, period, and pulse width, exert a profound influence on the detection performance of radar systems. Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) offer the distinct advantage of enabling direct generation of microwave signals with frequency-independent ultra-lowKey parameters of microwave signals, including frequency, phase noise, period, and pulse width, exert a profound influence on the detection performance of radar systems. Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) offer the distinct advantage of enabling direct generation of microwave signals with frequency-independent ultra-low phase noise. By integrating external modulation mechanisms, OEOs can further produce signals with more complex waveforms, thereby effectively addressing the demanding requirements of modern radar systems. We propose and demonstrate a method for generating programmable phase-coded microwave signals with tunable duty cycles in an OEO. The approach utilizes simple bias voltage modulation, where a voltage-level-coded signal is injected into the direct-current bias port of the push-pull Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) within the OEO loop. Binary phase coding is achieved by exploiting the reverse-phase characteristic of the minimum transmission point of the MZM. The duty cycle of the generated phase-coded microwave signal is adjusted by varying that of the injected signal. Simulations and experiments confirm the generation of microwave signals with excellent phase-coding performance and high spectral coherence..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 23, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036005 (2026)
Quasi-periodic optical key-enabled hybrid cryptography: merging diffractive physics and deep learning for high-dimensional security
Yu Shao, Haiqi Gao, Jiaming Liang, Xuehui Wang, Junren Wen, Yuchuan Shao, Yueguang Zhang, Weidong Shen, and Chenying Yang
Optical encryption inherently provides strong security advantages, with hybrid optoelectronic systems offering additional degrees of freedom by integrating optical and algorithmic domains. However, existing optical encryption schemes heavily rely on electronic computation, limiting overall efficiency, and the physical Optical encryption inherently provides strong security advantages, with hybrid optoelectronic systems offering additional degrees of freedom by integrating optical and algorithmic domains. However, existing optical encryption schemes heavily rely on electronic computation, limiting overall efficiency, and the physical keys are susceptible to damage, compromising both security and system stability. To overcome these challenges, we introduce the quasi-periodic optical key (Q-POK), which combines long-range order with short-range disorder, enabling enhanced security and robustness against damage within a single platform. By leveraging diffraction symmetry, our design enables optics-driven encryption, effectively shifting the optoelectronic balance toward photonic processing. Moreover, we innovatively apply deep learning to reconstruct the complex optical ciphertext field using only amplitude data and cryptographic keys, simultaneously achieving data compression and improved security. Within this framework, the key space includes continuously tunable parameters such as wavelength, propagation distance, phase modulation, and Q-POK geometry, significantly expanding cryptographic diversity. Our system also demonstrates robust cryptographic reliability by reducing inter-class distances by over 50% and tolerating up to 20% ciphertext loss. Our framework represents a generation of physically grounded, algorithmically enhanced optical cryptosystems—laying a foundational pathway for scalable, hardware-integrated information security paradigms..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 23, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036006 (2026)
Decomposing highly multimode fibers using a physics-driven neural network
Qian Zhang, Yuan Sui, Stefan Rothe, Jiali Sun, Dennis Pohle, Nektarios Koukourakis, Guohai Situ, and Juergen W. Czarske
Multimode fibers (MMFs) play an increasing role in optical communication, ultra-thin fiber endoscopy systems, and fiber lasers. The characterization of light propagation properties through active and passive MMFs attracts high interest as many linear optical phenomena fundamentally depend on the interplay among multiplMultimode fibers (MMFs) play an increasing role in optical communication, ultra-thin fiber endoscopy systems, and fiber lasers. The characterization of light propagation properties through active and passive MMFs attracts high interest as many linear optical phenomena fundamentally depend on the interplay among multiple spatial modes. Access to the exact modal amplitudes and phase weights via mode decomposition (MD) provides a useful means of investigating the physical effects. It facilitates technological advances in telecommunications, endoscopy, sensors, and amplifiers that utilize MMFs. We present an untrained neural network assisted by a linear physical model of the multimode waveguide that carries out computational MD. For the first time, the reconstructed amplitude distribution achieves a high correlation coefficient, either for thousands of modes in a short MMF or for tens of modes in a 1-km-long MMF. We also investigate the limitations of MD based on single-shot intensity images by evaluating the relative modal errors and the effect of image resolution on the decomposition accuracy. We demonstrate our network framework and results on both passive and active multimode photonic systems. Our approach holds great promise for applications in fiber lasers, endoscopic computational imaging, and especially in fiber-based communication, where fiber crosstalk is heavy and reference-free calibration techniques are required..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 26, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036007 (2026)
Unsupervised dimensionality reduction of polarimetric data for pixel-wise pathological tissue differentiation
Mickaël Li, Nan Zeng, Liangyu Deng, Mingzhou Jiang, Chang Wu, and Honghui He
Extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a key basement structure to human organisms by acting as a complex network of large proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural support to surrounding cells. Remodeling in the ECM’s structural fibers leads to insight into the development of diseases such as cancer, fibrosisExtracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes a key basement structure to human organisms by acting as a complex network of large proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural support to surrounding cells. Remodeling in the ECM’s structural fibers leads to insight into the development of diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, and carcinoma. Although standard tissue visualization in the ECM involves multiple lengthy histopathological staining protocols, Mueller-matrix-based polarimetry provides label-free tissue slices’ microstructural information and optical properties. We aim to identify three types of fiber tissues commonly found in the ECM of gastrointestinal tissue specimens by analyzing their polarization properties. To address decomposition methods’ reliance on restrictive hypotheses and inability with an individual polarization-based parameter to determine the nature of a given biological tissue, we employ the uniform manifold approximation and projection method to offer greater discriminative power and flexibility. Subsequently, polarization-based features will be extracted and compared among fiber regions statistically to discern potential diagnostic differences. By providing colorized images, we aim to demonstrate the feasibility of distinguishing different fibers with a polarization approach, offering insights for future clinical development while complementing existing staining methods for pathological tissue specimens..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 26, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036008 (2026)
Vectorial optomechanical sensing: controlling coherent coupling in an engineered fiber resonator
Heng Wang, Lin Ma, Chao Song, Qin Nie, Xuehao Hu, Xiaoli Li, Kun Xiao, Rui Min, and Zhuo Wang
In precision optomechanical sensing, polarization instability is typically regarded as a fundamental noise source that must be suppressed, posing a basic limitation to the conventional sensing paradigm. This work extends this paradigm by demonstrating the active control and coherent utilization of polarization as a disIn precision optomechanical sensing, polarization instability is typically regarded as a fundamental noise source that must be suppressed, posing a basic limitation to the conventional sensing paradigm. This work extends this paradigm by demonstrating the active control and coherent utilization of polarization as a distinct sensing channel for signal enhancement. We introduce “vectorial optomechanical sensing,” the approach that transforms this polarization “noise” into a valuable signal. This is achieved using an engineered planar dual-spiral optical fiber resonator that deterministically partitions a single mechanical strain into two orthogonal modes: frequency and polarization. A crucial control experiment directly validates the engineered nature of this effect, showing a strong, tunable polarization dependence that is absent in conventional single-loop designs. A nonideal physical model incorporating a minor phase offset excellently describes the experimental data, revealing a realistic sensitivity enhancement of over 188%. The optimized sensor achieves a sensitivity of 557.82 mV / Pa, a signal-to-noise ratio of 24.8 dB, and a noise-equivalent pressure of 2.45 mPa / Hz. Notably, we demonstrate a sensing bandwidth extending to 3 kHz under Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) interrogation, overcoming the conventional low-frequency limitation of such resonant systems. Its high-fidelity signal capture capability is demonstrated by monitoring ballistocardiogram (BCG) signals with gold-standard validation and achieving high-accuracy classification of human speech. This principle of engineering coherent interplay between orthogonal modes offers a universal pathway for surpassing the conventional performance limits of diverse high-Q resonant systems..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Mar. 31, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036009 (2026)
Photonic chip material refractive index extraction with a single photonic crystal micro-ring resonator
Yong Hu, Jiaxin Gu, Yan Zhang, Qingyang Du, Chenhui Li, and Shaoliang Yu
As co-packaged optics (CPO) integrates photonic chips and electronic dies together, accurate and non-destructive post-fabrication characterization of waveguide parameters—width, thickness, and the refractive indices of both core and cladding—becomes critical, because even minute index deviations are amplified in dense As co-packaged optics (CPO) integrates photonic chips and electronic dies together, accurate and non-destructive post-fabrication characterization of waveguide parameters—width, thickness, and the refractive indices of both core and cladding—becomes critical, because even minute index deviations are amplified in dense interconnects and directly impair the signal integrity and energy efficiency of CPO modules. We take the material refractive index as an example and demonstrate an effective approach for non-destructive parameter extraction of the as-fabricated optical waveguide with a single photonic crystal ring resonator. By lifting the degeneracy of the symmetric and anti-symmetric resonant peak, this single structure suffices to determine the core and clad indices rapidly with high precision. We successfully applied the extracted parameter of the refractive indices to validate the optical transmission of the index-sensitive wavelength division multiplexer device. Our approach has provided a facile solution for post-fabrication device parameter evaluation and is readily extendable to geometric parameters..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 03, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036010 (2026)
GPS-referenced frequency combs for coherent short-reach optical interconnects based on global-FSON architecture
Lei Liu, Feng Liu, Zhicheng Jin, Dayu Shi, Youzhen Gui, and William Shieh
The advent of artificial intelligence, cloud services, and big data applications has propelled the evolution of next-generation high-capacity datacenters. It is highly anticipated that coherent detection will penetrate further into datacenters in the next decade. However, the large number of tunable lasers in data centThe advent of artificial intelligence, cloud services, and big data applications has propelled the evolution of next-generation high-capacity datacenters. It is highly anticipated that coherent detection will penetrate further into datacenters in the next decade. However, the large number of tunable lasers in data centers makes the optical module structure complex and adds additional thermal power consumption. Meanwhile, optical frequency combs serve as high-precision frequency resolution and wide spectral coverage lasers, holding tremendous potential for the field of wavelength division multiplexing optical communication. Here, we present an innovative global frequency-synchronous optical network (global-FSON) architecture for coherent short-reach optical interconnects by synchronizing optical frequency combs to a global positioning system disciplined oscillator (GPSDO) and distributing them. The global-FSON architecture can share GPS-referenced optical frequency combs as master lasers among different servers, which eliminates the need for a massive number of tunable lasers in datacenter optical interconnects. On this basis, we achieve a reset-free carrier phase recovery analog coherent receiver in the optical domain and demonstrate dual-polarization coherent signals demultiplexing without coherent silicon application-specific integrated circuits. We introduce the global-FSON architecture that provides a laser source with absolute stability for all transponders in datacenter coherent optical interconnects. Its implementation would bolster the potential applicability of coherent optical communication in next-generation datacenter coherent optical interconnects..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 06, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036011 (2026)
Realization of broadband spectral cloaking using dispersion-reversed four-wave mixing time lens
He Huang, Yaoshuai Li, Chengzhi Qin, Chen Liu, Zhuoxiong Liu, Weiwei Liu, Chi Zhang, Bing Wang, and Peixiang Lu
Spectral cloaking, by creating a spectral hole in a probe signal within which the spectrum of an obstacle signal can hide, is an important technology for encrypted communications and signal processing. Previous studies mainly rely on electro-optic modulations to realize spectral cloaking, which, however, suffer from inSpectral cloaking, by creating a spectral hole in a probe signal within which the spectrum of an obstacle signal can hide, is an important technology for encrypted communications and signal processing. Previous studies mainly rely on electro-optic modulations to realize spectral cloaking, which, however, suffer from inherent bandwidth limitations. By constructing a nonlinear four-wave mixing (FWM) time lens, we achieve the spectral Talbot effect and apply it to realize broadband spectral cloaking. We analyze the conditions to realize integer and fractional spectral Talbot effect, whereby arbitrary scaling of the free spectral range (FSR) of an input frequency comb can be achieved. By further cascading two FWM time lenses with reversible dispersions, we achieve FSR reconstruction for the input signal via spectral multiplication and division, thus creating a broadband spectral cloak up to 40 GHz in between. Such a cloak can hide the spectral information of an obstacle signal from being probed by the signal light, thus realizing invisible functionality. We establish an all-optical approach for realizing advanced spectral cloaking through FSR control, paving also promising avenues toward high-security encryption and antijamming optical communications..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 06, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036012 (2026)
Multi-degree-of-freedom multiport beam splitting on nonlocal metasurfaces: preparation of four-mode high-NOON states
Yu Tian, Qi Liu, Zhaohua Tian, Shuyun Su, Qihuang Gong, and Ying Gu
Local gradient metasurfaces have realized multiple beam splitting (BS) functions, enabling various applications in on-chip quantum information. However, nonlocal metasurface BS with the utilization of wavelength and momentum selectivity remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the framework of a multi-degree-of-freedomLocal gradient metasurfaces have realized multiple beam splitting (BS) functions, enabling various applications in on-chip quantum information. However, nonlocal metasurface BS with the utilization of wavelength and momentum selectivity remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the framework of a multi-degree-of-freedom multiport BS on a single nonlocal phase gradient metasurface. The BS, constructed by its momentum-polarization mode subspaces, is co-modulated by wavelengths, polarization, and angles of incident light. With the unique capability of multimode interference, this multiport BS can facilitate quantum state engineering, especially multimode high-dimensional quantum entanglement. Then, four-mode high-photon NOON states, manifested as polarization-path-locked properties, are prepared with high success probability and fidelity. For example, four-photon and eight-photon NOON states are obtained with success probabilities of 33.7% and 12.5%, respectively. The efficient generation of multimode high-photon NOON states on a single metasurface improves the precision of on-chip quantum measurement and significantly enhances the integration of quantum information platforms..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 22, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036013 (2026)
Real-time one-step phase locking with physics-informed phase estimator in multichannel coherent beam combining
Yong Wu, Guoqing Pu, Jiajin Wang, Zhiwei Fang, Weisheng Hu, and Lilin Yi
Coherent beam combining (CBC) is an effective approach to surpass the power limitations of single fiber lasers, where precise phase control is essential. As the demand for higher power and more channels increases, achieving faster phase control becomes increasingly challenging for traditional methods. We propose a scheCoherent beam combining (CBC) is an effective approach to surpass the power limitations of single fiber lasers, where precise phase control is essential. As the demand for higher power and more channels increases, achieving faster phase control becomes increasingly challenging for traditional methods. We propose a scheme termed physics-informed phase estimator (PIPE), which can be considered as a gray-box model merging locking of optical coherence by single-detector electronic-frequency tagging (LOCSET) and a well-trained neural network, that infers the phase differences between channels from the temporal intensity of the combined beam after assigning unique frequency tags to each sub-beam. Real-time one-step phase locking with a single photodetector is experimentally demonstrated in a four-channel CBC system by incorporating PIPE, achieving nearly an order-of-magnitude improvement in convergence time over LOCSET, with a residual phase of λ / 45 and a combining efficiency of 98%. The results indicate that PIPE offers a promising solution for substantially enhancing phase control bandwidth in future CBC systems, especially for filled-aperture CBC systems..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: Apr. 25, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036014 (2026)
Power Doppler-guided cross-modal fusion for augmented-view photoacoustic tomography
Zheng Qu, Xuanhao Zhang, Bin Ouyang, Cong Mai, Xu Tang, and Lidai Wang
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) integrates optical excitation with ultrasound detection to deliver high-resolution imaging in deep tissues. A persistent limitation is the restricted angular coverage in linear array clinical systems, which results in image loss of vascular detail. Deep learning approaches have Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) integrates optical excitation with ultrasound detection to deliver high-resolution imaging in deep tissues. A persistent limitation is the restricted angular coverage in linear array clinical systems, which results in image loss of vascular detail. Deep learning approaches have been investigated, yet models trained only on PACT data often fail to reconstruct vessels that are poorly represented due to incomplete angular sampling and low signal-to-noise ratio. A Doppler-enhanced photoacoustic network (DEPANet) is introduced that fuses co-registered ultrasound power Doppler with multi-wavelength PACT to generate enhanced structural and functional images. Ultrasound power Doppler, less sensitive to the limited-view problem, is acquired interleaved and spatially co-registered with PACT without additional hardware modifications. Validation is conducted in simulations, phantoms, small animals, and a human feasibility study. In phantom experiments, DEPANet expands the effective angular coverage more than 10-fold. In rats, DEPANet reconstructs obliquely oriented vessels, increases contrast-to-noise ratio by over 7 dB, and stabilizes hemoglobin oxygenation estimates. In human anterior interosseous artery and superior thyroid vasculature imaging, DEPANet recovers vessel morphology and provides physiologically consistent blood oxygen saturation maps. These findings demonstrate that DEPANet enables high-quality vascular and functional imaging using standard linear-array PACT systems..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: May 09, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036015 (2026)
Unveiling the potential of ultra-thin perovskite-silicon tandem photovoltaics boosted with photonic management
Mónica Dyreby, Eva Almeida, Rui Gonçalves, Miguel Alexandre, Ivan M. Santos, Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, Hugo Águas, and Manuel J. Mendes
The merging of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies with tandem architectures, such as perovskite-on-silicon double-junction solar cells, offers avenues to expand solar electricity. Their combination of flexibility, affordability, low weight, and high efficiency enables applications ranging from portable electronicThe merging of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technologies with tandem architectures, such as perovskite-on-silicon double-junction solar cells, offers avenues to expand solar electricity. Their combination of flexibility, affordability, low weight, and high efficiency enables applications ranging from portable electronics to building-integrated and vehicle-integrated PV, or solar-powered space systems. Nevertheless, the efficiency of perovskite-on-silicon tandem PV is often constrained by suboptimal optical management, particularly in ultra-thin designs where light trapping (LT) and current/voltage matching are critical. Here, we develop an optoelectronic framework to optimize 2- and 4-terminal perovskite-silicon tandem cells, featuring 1 μm-thick crystalline silicon absorbers with front-integrated photonic structures. To maximize power conversion efficiency (PCE), both the LT geometry and perovskite thickness were systematically optimized. In addition, indium tin oxide (ITO)-based and optically engineered interlayers are shown to exhibit similar optical performance, reinforcing ITO as a choice for 2-terminal tandems. The ultra-thin photonic-enhanced 2-terminal tandem achieves a PCE of 23.8%, corresponding to a 21.8% relative improvement over its planar counterpart, whereas the 4-terminal configuration reached a combined efficiency of 26.7%, primarily from LT-improved silicon photocurrent. These findings highlight the role of opto-electronically optimized light-management solutions in unlocking the potential of ultra-thin tandem solar cells for flexible, high-efficiency, and energy harvesting, paving the way for next-generation photovoltaics..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: May 09, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036016 (2026)
336 Gbps silicon photodetector with a low-loss fan-out wafer-level heterogeneous redistribution layer
Aoxue Wang, Yinshan Huang, Yaotian Zhao, Xu Wang, Jun Li, Mingxuan Li, Zongheng Weng, Fangchen Hu, Yiran Wei, Xiao Hu, Xuhan Guo, Liang Zhou, Haiwen Cai, and Wei Chu
We demonstrate a 336 Gbps reconfigurable silicon Ge–Si photodetector (PD) based on low-loss fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP). Silicon-based micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) photosensitive composite film is employed to enable seamless integration of electronic integrated circuits and photonic integrated circuWe demonstrate a 336 Gbps reconfigurable silicon Ge–Si photodetector (PD) based on low-loss fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP). Silicon-based micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) photosensitive composite film is employed to enable seamless integration of electronic integrated circuits and photonic integrated circuits. This approach utilizes benzocyclobutene-based transmission lines, achieving a high interconnect density of >102 / mm and low insertion loss of <0.3 dB / mm @ 100 GHz. By demonstrating a 336 Gbps / λ transmission, we highlight the potential of low-loss FOWLP heterogeneous integration for seamlessly assembled, high bandwidth-density optical interconnects in next-generation artificial intelligence clusters..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: May 12, 2026
- Vol. 5, Issue 3, 036017 (2026)
High-density co-packaged optics based on TSV and TGV interposers for advanced optical interconnection
Chang Ge, Jiangbing Du, Yihan Liu, Yixiao Zhang, and Zuyuan He
This study explores co-packaged optics (CPO) using through-silicon via (TSV) and through-glass via (TGV) interposers with 2.5D/3D integration, offering superior performance over conventional 2D integration. The fabricated TSV and TGV interposers demonstrate 3 dB bandwidths exceeding 67 and 110 GHz, respectively, supporThis study explores co-packaged optics (CPO) using through-silicon via (TSV) and through-glass via (TGV) interposers with 2.5D/3D integration, offering superior performance over conventional 2D integration. The fabricated TSV and TGV interposers demonstrate 3 dB bandwidths exceeding 67 and 110 GHz, respectively, supporting 128 Gbaud signal transmission. CPO solutions are proposed based on TSV and TGV interposers, respectively. Structural design, packaging, and simulation of the CPO transceivers demonstrate that the proposed architecture can support optical engines operating at 112 GBaud, highlighting their potential to enhance integration density, reduce power consumption, and enable next-generation high-speed optical interconnects for artificial intelligence and high-performance computing..
Advanced Photonics Nexus
- Publication Date: May 25, 2026
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