Retrospective Analysis of the National Forensic Pathology Proficiency Testing Programme from 2005 to 2024
FAN Ying, FANG Jianxin, ZOU Donghua, and ZHANG Jianhua
Forensic pathology is a crucial component of judicial expertise practice, and the forensic pathology proficiency testing programme is one of the key links to guarantee the quality of forensic pathology identification. This paper systematically reviews the forensic pathology proficiency testing programmes carried out by the Academy of Forensic Science over the past 20 years. Quantitative analysis of the verification of forensic pathology proficiency was carried out with detailed data, and the regional differences of forensic pathology identification capabilities were accurately presented, revealing the correlation between forensic pathology identification capability and regional development, institutional nature and other factors. It provides a powerful data-driven reference for the high-quality management of forensic pathology system in China, the standardized development of forensic expertise industry and the continuous improvement of institutional quality and capabilities forensic institutions.Forensic pathology is a crucial component of judicial expertise practice, and the forensic pathology proficiency testing programme is one of the key links to guarantee the quality of forensic pathology identification. This paper systematically reviews the forensic pathology proficiency testing programmes carried out by the Academy of Forensic Science over the past 20 years. Quantitative analysis of the verification of forensic pathology proficiency was carried out with detailed data, and the regional differences of forensic pathology identification capabilities were accurately presented, revealing the correlation between forensic pathology identification capability and regional development, institutional nature and other factors. It provides a powerful data-driven reference for the high-quality management of forensic pathology system in China, the standardized development of forensic expertise industry and the continuous improvement of institutional quality and capabilities forensic institutions.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 92 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.012
Generative Artificial Intelligence Empowers Digital Forensics： Representation, Challenge and Approach
WANG Su and DU Zhichun
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) empowers digital forensics with dual representation. At the macro level, the three core driving forces of algorithm, computing power, and data drive the paradigm shift of digital forensics research. At the micro level, technological principles empower the transformation of scenarios for digital forensics commission acceptance, digital forensics implementation, and digital forensics document generation. While GenAI empowers digital forensics to promote the continuous emergence of new quality productive forces in this field, its operating principles also pose challenges to its credibility and reliability in participating in digital forensics. Specifically, there is a lack of independence in digital forensics, doubts about legal responsibility attribution, low model accuracy, insufficient information security protection, and poor interpretability. To prevent the risks of GenAI application in digital forensics, we should draw on the regulatory experience of EU GenAI in scientific research, and provide useful reference for the development of GenAI in the field of digital forensics at the conceptual and practical levels.Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) empowers digital forensics with dual representation. At the macro level, the three core driving forces of algorithm, computing power, and data drive the paradigm shift of digital forensics research. At the micro level, technological principles empower the transformation of scenarios for digital forensics commission acceptance, digital forensics implementation, and digital forensics document generation. While GenAI empowers digital forensics to promote the continuous emergence of new quality productive forces in this field, its operating principles also pose challenges to its credibility and reliability in participating in digital forensics. Specifically, there is a lack of independence in digital forensics, doubts about legal responsibility attribution, low model accuracy, insufficient information security protection, and poor interpretability. To prevent the risks of GenAI application in digital forensics, we should draw on the regulatory experience of EU GenAI in scientific research, and provide useful reference for the development of GenAI in the field of digital forensics at the conceptual and practical levels.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 83 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.011
The Variation Patterns of RSID and Their Forensic Value in OOXML Word Processing Documents
LIAO Genwei and LING Zhibo
ObjectiveThe convenience of modification and duplication of electronic documents has made determining their origin and authenticity a significant challenge in judicial forensics. Utilizing the patterns of Revision Identifier (RSID) for document verification holds potential value. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the variation patterns of RSID in OOXML documents, expand the theoretical foundation, and address the limitations of existing verification methods.MethodsBy simulating various Chinese word processing environments, experiments were conducted to analyze the generation and variation patterns of RSID in OOXML documents across different software versions and application scenarios. General patterns of RSID generation and variation were summarized, and their forensic values were revealed.ResultsRSID exhibits certain patterns across different word processing software. Similarities and differences in RSID generation rules were observed across different software programs, and these patterns can assist in determining the origin and authenticity of documents to a certain extent.ConclusionRSID provides a new approach to authenticity verification for OOXML documents, offering significant theoretical and practical values. It serves as an important reference for researchers engaged in electronic document authentication.ObjectiveThe convenience of modification and duplication of electronic documents has made determining their origin and authenticity a significant challenge in judicial forensics. Utilizing the patterns of Revision Identifier (RSID) for document verification holds potential value. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the variation patterns of RSID in OOXML documents, expand the theoretical foundation, and address the limitations of existing verification methods.MethodsBy simulating various Chinese word processing environments, experiments were conducted to analyze the generation and variation patterns of RSID in OOXML documents across different software versions and application scenarios. General patterns of RSID generation and variation were summarized, and their forensic values were revealed.ResultsRSID exhibits certain patterns across different word processing software. Similarities and differences in RSID generation rules were observed across different software programs, and these patterns can assist in determining the origin and authenticity of documents to a certain extent.ConclusionRSID provides a new approach to authenticity verification for OOXML documents, offering significant theoretical and practical values. It serves as an important reference for researchers engaged in electronic document authentication.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 74 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.010
A Comparative Study of Plantar Pressure Based on Stepwise Discriminant Analysis
CAO Qingyuan and TANG Chengqing
ObjectiveTo investigate whether there is a correlation in plantar pressure when the same person wears different types of shoes, and to explore the possibility of distinguishing between cloth shoes and casual shoes based on plantar ptessure patterns.MethodsThe Footscan plantar pressure gait analysis system was used to record the magnitude and distribution of plantar pressure of the subjects during normal walk when wearing cloth shoes or casual shoes. IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 was used for data analysis, and Kendall's W test was used to assess the consistency of peak pressure and impulse across different plantar regions, analyzing the stability of the plantar pressure distribution in each area. Kendall’s tau-b correlation test was used to examine the correlation for peak pressure and impulse between barefoot and shod conditions. Discriminant analysis was used to establish a functional model to compare the plantar pressure of the same person wearing different types of shoes.ResultsThe distribution of plantar pressure in each region was relatively stable, and there were significant correlations between plantar pressure patterns when wearing cloth shoes and casual shoes. Discriminant analysis has high accuracy in distinguishing the plantar pressure patterns of the same person wearing different shoes.ConclusionDuring normal walking, the plantar pressure patterns of the same person wearing cloth shoes and causal shoes are significantly correlated and can be accurately classified, which supplements the theoretical basis of gait analysis.ObjectiveTo investigate whether there is a correlation in plantar pressure when the same person wears different types of shoes, and to explore the possibility of distinguishing between cloth shoes and casual shoes based on plantar ptessure patterns.MethodsThe Footscan plantar pressure gait analysis system was used to record the magnitude and distribution of plantar pressure of the subjects during normal walk when wearing cloth shoes or casual shoes. IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 was used for data analysis, and Kendall's W test was used to assess the consistency of peak pressure and impulse across different plantar regions, analyzing the stability of the plantar pressure distribution in each area. Kendall’s tau-b correlation test was used to examine the correlation for peak pressure and impulse between barefoot and shod conditions. Discriminant analysis was used to establish a functional model to compare the plantar pressure of the same person wearing different types of shoes.ResultsThe distribution of plantar pressure in each region was relatively stable, and there were significant correlations between plantar pressure patterns when wearing cloth shoes and casual shoes. Discriminant analysis has high accuracy in distinguishing the plantar pressure patterns of the same person wearing different shoes.ConclusionDuring normal walking, the plantar pressure patterns of the same person wearing cloth shoes and causal shoes are significantly correlated and can be accurately classified, which supplements the theoretical basis of gait analysis.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 67 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.009
Rapid Detection of Five Agricultural and Veterinary Drugs by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
LI Yaling, ZHAO Yuejie, HU Xiangyang, and ZHOU Ji
ObjectiveTo establish a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the rapid detection of three forbidden veterinary drugs, crystal violet, malachite green, and methylene blue, as well as two pesticides, thiram and thiabendazole.MethodsPolyurethane (PU) yarn was used as a flexible substrate, and its surface was further modified with polydopamine (PDA) functional layer. The modified yarn (PU@PDA) was then immersed in a silver ammonia solution. The silver ions in silver ammonia complex can be in-situ reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the reducibility of PDA. This produced the PU@PDA@AgNPs composite flexible SERS substrate material. Moreover, the sensitivity of the SERS material can be optimized by changing the concentration of silver ammonia solution to control the amount of AgNPs on PU@PDA yarn. The new material was then applied in the detection of three dye based forbidden veterinary drugs and two pesticides.ResultsThe limits of detection for crystal violet, malachite green, and methylene blue can be as low as 1.0×10-8 mol/L, and the limits of detection for pesticides thiram and thiabendazole were as low as 0.5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively.ConclusionThis method is easy to operate, environmentally friendly, safe and highly sensitive. It can provide technical support for the rapid on-site detection of agricultural and veterinary drug residues.ObjectiveTo establish a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the rapid detection of three forbidden veterinary drugs, crystal violet, malachite green, and methylene blue, as well as two pesticides, thiram and thiabendazole.MethodsPolyurethane (PU) yarn was used as a flexible substrate, and its surface was further modified with polydopamine (PDA) functional layer. The modified yarn (PU@PDA) was then immersed in a silver ammonia solution. The silver ions in silver ammonia complex can be in-situ reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the reducibility of PDA. This produced the PU@PDA@AgNPs composite flexible SERS substrate material. Moreover, the sensitivity of the SERS material can be optimized by changing the concentration of silver ammonia solution to control the amount of AgNPs on PU@PDA yarn. The new material was then applied in the detection of three dye based forbidden veterinary drugs and two pesticides.ResultsThe limits of detection for crystal violet, malachite green, and methylene blue can be as low as 1.0×10-8 mol/L, and the limits of detection for pesticides thiram and thiabendazole were as low as 0.5 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively.ConclusionThis method is easy to operate, environmentally friendly, safe and highly sensitive. It can provide technical support for the rapid on-site detection of agricultural and veterinary drug residues.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 59 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.008
Identification of Metonitazene, a Nitazene New Psychoactive Substance in E-liquids
YANG Qiao, HU Rui, WU Bo, CAO Yu, TANG Boyi, ZHANG Zhonghui, and SU Mengxiang
ObjectiveTo identify metonitazene in e-liquids seized from drug cases.MethodsMethods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were established to identify metonitazene. The compound was also analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) , Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods.ResultsThe GC-MS result showed that there was an unknown compound at the retention time of 15.295 min, and its characteristic ions were m/z 86 (base peak) , 121, 58, and 382, which was identified as metonitazene by comparing with the standard substance. The structural information of the target acquired by UV-Vis, FTIR and NMR were supplemented.ConclusionThe comprehensive use of various techniques to analyze metonitazene in e-liquid samples can provide structural information to confirm the detection of this kind of new psychoactive substances.ObjectiveTo identify metonitazene in e-liquids seized from drug cases.MethodsMethods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were established to identify metonitazene. The compound was also analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) , Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods.ResultsThe GC-MS result showed that there was an unknown compound at the retention time of 15.295 min, and its characteristic ions were m/z 86 (base peak) , 121, 58, and 382, which was identified as metonitazene by comparing with the standard substance. The structural information of the target acquired by UV-Vis, FTIR and NMR were supplemented.ConclusionThe comprehensive use of various techniques to analyze metonitazene in e-liquid samples can provide structural information to confirm the detection of this kind of new psychoactive substances.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 51 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.007
Environmental Forensics and Innovation：
CHENG Kuan and MA Dong
The International Network of Environmental Forensics (INEF) 2024 Conference was held in Galway, Ireland, from August 27 to 28, 2024. As the most influential academic exchange platform in the field of environmental forensics, researchers from various countries exchanged and discussed research findings, key issues, and development trends in their respective fields. The conference highlighted that the identification and detection methods for emerging contaminants, research on the environmental fate of pollutants, the environmental health risks and ecological impacts of emerging pollutants, and studies on pollution tracing and liability determination have become cutting-edge topics or widely discussed issues. This review of the conference aims to provide insights and references for the research and development of environmental damage forensic identification in China.The International Network of Environmental Forensics (INEF) 2024 Conference was held in Galway, Ireland, from August 27 to 28, 2024. As the most influential academic exchange platform in the field of environmental forensics, researchers from various countries exchanged and discussed research findings, key issues, and development trends in their respective fields. The conference highlighted that the identification and detection methods for emerging contaminants, research on the environmental fate of pollutants, the environmental health risks and ecological impacts of emerging pollutants, and studies on pollution tracing and liability determination have become cutting-edge topics or widely discussed issues. This review of the conference aims to provide insights and references for the research and development of environmental damage forensic identification in China.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 45 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.006
Practical Dilemmas and Countermeasure Recommendations on Identification of Inorganic Toxic Substance Content
ZHUO Ning
The identification of hazardous wastes serves an important technical basis and key step for recognizing the hazardous characteristics of industrial wastes. Hazardous wastes appraisal is a specialized activity aimed at determining the nature of waste in cases of environmental pollution involving waste and providing appraisal opinions. As one of the standards for the identification of hazardous wastes, the Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes-Identification for Toxic Substance Content (GB 5085.6-2007) plays a vital role in identifying industrial wastes and appraising case-related wastes. By analyzing 50 identification reports and typical cases, this paper comprehensively reveals the issues existing in the practices of identifying toxic substances, particularly those composed of inorganic toxic components, in terms of detection methods, conversion methods, and result judgment. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the deviation between the implementation of the standard and the “in dubio pro reo” principle in practice, and proposes countermeasures to promote the development of a more comprehensive forensic system for hazardous wastes identification.The identification of hazardous wastes serves an important technical basis and key step for recognizing the hazardous characteristics of industrial wastes. Hazardous wastes appraisal is a specialized activity aimed at determining the nature of waste in cases of environmental pollution involving waste and providing appraisal opinions. As one of the standards for the identification of hazardous wastes, the Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes-Identification for Toxic Substance Content (GB 5085.6-2007) plays a vital role in identifying industrial wastes and appraising case-related wastes. By analyzing 50 identification reports and typical cases, this paper comprehensively reveals the issues existing in the practices of identifying toxic substances, particularly those composed of inorganic toxic components, in terms of detection methods, conversion methods, and result judgment. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the deviation between the implementation of the standard and the “in dubio pro reo” principle in practice, and proposes countermeasures to promote the development of a more comprehensive forensic system for hazardous wastes identification.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 38 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.005
On the Legal Status of Satellite Remote Sensing Image Evidence in Environmental Public Interest Litigation by Procuratorial Organs
DUAN Liyu and DU Wenyu
The field of ecological environment and resource protection is the focus of procuratorial public interest litigation. Outdated technology and hidden illegal acts pose significant challenges to factual determination in related cases. Satellite remote sensing images, with their advantages of wide observation range and strong objectivity, have shown great potential in the field of ecological environment and resource protection, which can help to quickly discover clues in cases and provide robust support for restoring the truth. However, as a new type of scientific and technological evidence, they are still facing challenges in court for recognition and proof thereof. This paper analyzes the mechanism of judicial proof of satellite remote sensing images from the perspective of evidence law, and probes into their legal status as evidence. In order to ensure the legality, authenticity and relevance of satellite remote sensing images as evidence, it is necessary for procuratorial organs to actively use and strictly examine the images, for judicial authorities to maintain an open attitude towards the images, and for technical departments to strengthen research and training. All parties should cooperate to promote the wide application and in-depth development of satellite remote sensing images in forensic practice.The field of ecological environment and resource protection is the focus of procuratorial public interest litigation. Outdated technology and hidden illegal acts pose significant challenges to factual determination in related cases. Satellite remote sensing images, with their advantages of wide observation range and strong objectivity, have shown great potential in the field of ecological environment and resource protection, which can help to quickly discover clues in cases and provide robust support for restoring the truth. However, as a new type of scientific and technological evidence, they are still facing challenges in court for recognition and proof thereof. This paper analyzes the mechanism of judicial proof of satellite remote sensing images from the perspective of evidence law, and probes into their legal status as evidence. In order to ensure the legality, authenticity and relevance of satellite remote sensing images as evidence, it is necessary for procuratorial organs to actively use and strictly examine the images, for judicial authorities to maintain an open attitude towards the images, and for technical departments to strengthen research and training. All parties should cooperate to promote the wide application and in-depth development of satellite remote sensing images in forensic practice.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 30 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.004
On Joint Appraisal：
HE Jiao and LI Xuejun
Joint appraisal is an important method for addressing the “mass-involved” specialized issues that involve multiple professions, appraisal categories, and regions. Compared with comprehensive appraisal, joint appraisal is more in line with the relevant existing regulations in China, and better highlights the new appraisal model of cooperation among multiple appraisal entities. In environmental damage cases, specialized issues are common, complex, and intertwined. The traditional model of appraisal by a single appraisal institution often has problems such as excessive duration and high costs, which seriously affects the choice of forensic appraisal by the case-handling authorities. Just as the “large-scale operation” model is often conducted in handling environmental damage cases, in the field of forensic appraisal of environmental damage, joint appraisal should also be used to address “mass-involved” specialized issues. To fully integrate resources such as talents, equipment, and information from all parties, restrictions on participating entities in joint appraisal should be relaxed, and the participating entities should be determined through selection by the case-handling unit, organization by appraisal industry associations, and other means. In addition, related information should be shared through joint meetings and other means, and consolidated into joint appraisal opinions based on opinions of various stages and regions.Joint appraisal is an important method for addressing the “mass-involved” specialized issues that involve multiple professions, appraisal categories, and regions. Compared with comprehensive appraisal, joint appraisal is more in line with the relevant existing regulations in China, and better highlights the new appraisal model of cooperation among multiple appraisal entities. In environmental damage cases, specialized issues are common, complex, and intertwined. The traditional model of appraisal by a single appraisal institution often has problems such as excessive duration and high costs, which seriously affects the choice of forensic appraisal by the case-handling authorities. Just as the “large-scale operation” model is often conducted in handling environmental damage cases, in the field of forensic appraisal of environmental damage, joint appraisal should also be used to address “mass-involved” specialized issues. To fully integrate resources such as talents, equipment, and information from all parties, restrictions on participating entities in joint appraisal should be relaxed, and the participating entities should be determined through selection by the case-handling unit, organization by appraisal industry associations, and other means. In addition, related information should be shared through joint meetings and other means, and consolidated into joint appraisal opinions based on opinions of various stages and regions.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 19 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.003
The Attribute and Rule Construction of Self-commissioned Appraisal Opinions in Civil Litigation
HUANG Ruikang and GAO Tianhang
In China's civil litigation, self-commissioned appraisal opinions are widely used as evidence. However, the theoretical community has not reached a consensus on the categorization of their evidence type, and there are contradictions in practice between strict proof and ambiguous legality, as well as conflicts between strong probative force and weak review rules. Re-examining from a normative perspective reveals that they do not fully meet the normative requirements of statutory expert opinions under China's Civil Procedure Law, nor do they fall under the category of illegal evidence subject to exclusion. Considering the essential factors that contribute to the probative effectiveness of self-commissioned appraisal opinions, this paper argues that they should be classified as defective appraisal opinions and proposes the construction of a corresponding rule system for the review and determination of defective appraisal opinion. At the pre-trial conference stage, the commissioning party should fulfill the obligation of evidence disclosure by proactively disclosing the self-commissioned appraisal opinions and appraisal materials. At the level of evidence admissibility, the non-commissioning party has the right to raise evidentiary objections against substantive factors affecting the admissibility of self-commissioned appraisal opinions, and judges should deny their admissibility when reasonable doubts arise. At the level of probative force, since the defects in the neutral procedural value of self-commissioned appraisal opinions cannot be rectified, they should be categorized as evidence requiring corroboration. Although they cannot independently establish case facts, their probative force can be enhanced through other corroborative evidence.In China's civil litigation, self-commissioned appraisal opinions are widely used as evidence. However, the theoretical community has not reached a consensus on the categorization of their evidence type, and there are contradictions in practice between strict proof and ambiguous legality, as well as conflicts between strong probative force and weak review rules. Re-examining from a normative perspective reveals that they do not fully meet the normative requirements of statutory expert opinions under China's Civil Procedure Law, nor do they fall under the category of illegal evidence subject to exclusion. Considering the essential factors that contribute to the probative effectiveness of self-commissioned appraisal opinions, this paper argues that they should be classified as defective appraisal opinions and proposes the construction of a corresponding rule system for the review and determination of defective appraisal opinion. At the pre-trial conference stage, the commissioning party should fulfill the obligation of evidence disclosure by proactively disclosing the self-commissioned appraisal opinions and appraisal materials. At the level of evidence admissibility, the non-commissioning party has the right to raise evidentiary objections against substantive factors affecting the admissibility of self-commissioned appraisal opinions, and judges should deny their admissibility when reasonable doubts arise. At the level of probative force, since the defects in the neutral procedural value of self-commissioned appraisal opinions cannot be rectified, they should be categorized as evidence requiring corroboration. Although they cannot independently establish case facts, their probative force can be enhanced through other corroborative evidence.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 11 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.002
The Inference Scheme for Evaluating the Probative Value of Expert Opinions
LING Yiyi and FAN Chuanming
The unclear connotation of probative value of evidence is the root cause of confusion in evaluating the probative value of expert opinions. The probative value of an evidence includes two aspects： credibility and probative force. The hybrid inference scheme of expert opinions combines credibility inference and probative force inference. The argument form for evaluating credibility conforms to the syllogism deduction structure of the expert opinion generation process, and the story scheme for evaluating probative force is based on the essence of probative force, that is, comparing the probability of the evidence appearing in competitive stories. The hybrid inference scheme is a generalization of expert opinion evaluation with defeasibility, and critical questions that match the inference scheme can invalidate arguments that conform to the inference scheme. In order to avoid bearing the potential adverse litigation consequences caused by proof evaluation, both parties should dynamically use critical questions to complete the tactical burden of proof.The unclear connotation of probative value of evidence is the root cause of confusion in evaluating the probative value of expert opinions. The probative value of an evidence includes two aspects： credibility and probative force. The hybrid inference scheme of expert opinions combines credibility inference and probative force inference. The argument form for evaluating credibility conforms to the syllogism deduction structure of the expert opinion generation process, and the story scheme for evaluating probative force is based on the essence of probative force, that is, comparing the probability of the evidence appearing in competitive stories. The hybrid inference scheme is a generalization of expert opinion evaluation with defeasibility, and critical questions that match the inference scheme can invalidate arguments that conform to the inference scheme. In order to avoid bearing the potential adverse litigation consequences caused by proof evaluation, both parties should dynamically use critical questions to complete the tactical burden of proof.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Chinese Journal of Forensic Sciences
- Vol. , Issue 3, 1 (2025)
- DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1671-2072.2025.03.001
Hydrocarbon Charging and Adjustment in the Northern Slope of the Bongor Basin, Chad
LI Wei and WEN Zhigang
Understanding the hydrocarbon charge history and accumulation process is crucial to petroleum exploration in the Bongor Basin, Chad. The chronology of hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried-hill of the basin was investigated by using a suite of techniques including organic geochemistry, fluid inclusion, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) and thermal history modeling. The results indicate that in the Bongor Basin, Subzone B and Subzone R-P of the buried-hill belt contain two types of oil inclusions exhibiting yellow-green and blue-green fluorescence, representing different stages of hydrocarbon charging. Based on AFTA and tuff zircon fission track data, it is inferred that different buried-hill zones experienced two phases of primary hydrocarbon accumulation, both peaking during 75-65 million years. In Subzone B, a secondary hydrocarbon accumulation event occurred during the uplift and reworking stage since the Late Cretaceous, characterized by hydrocarbon adjustment and redistribution. Most hydrocarbons are hosted in structural fractures, with the adjustment phase occurring approximately 30 million years ago.Understanding the hydrocarbon charge history and accumulation process is crucial to petroleum exploration in the Bongor Basin, Chad. The chronology of hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried-hill of the basin was investigated by using a suite of techniques including organic geochemistry, fluid inclusion, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) and thermal history modeling. The results indicate that in the Bongor Basin, Subzone B and Subzone R-P of the buried-hill belt contain two types of oil inclusions exhibiting yellow-green and blue-green fluorescence, representing different stages of hydrocarbon charging. Based on AFTA and tuff zircon fission track data, it is inferred that different buried-hill zones experienced two phases of primary hydrocarbon accumulation, both peaking during 75-65 million years. In Subzone B, a secondary hydrocarbon accumulation event occurred during the uplift and reworking stage since the Late Cretaceous, characterized by hydrocarbon adjustment and redistribution. Most hydrocarbons are hosted in structural fractures, with the adjustment phase occurring approximately 30 million years ago.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1124 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.24019
Initial Geolocation Accuracy Monitoring and Improvement of Gaofen-3 Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Over Multiple Terrains
LEI Zhenkun, FENG Yongjiu, XI Mengrong, WANG Jiafeng, and TONG Xiaohua
To monitor and improve the geolocation accuracy of domestic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payloads, this paper identifies wind turbine locations across three terrain types using high-resolution remote sensing imagery and deep learning models. Leveraging the strong scattering characteristics of wind turbines in SAR imagery, it constructs a large-scale ground control point (GCP) database for long-term and wide-area geometric processing of SAR images. The results show that Gaofen-3 Fine Strip II (FSII) mode imagery exhibits periodic fluctuations in geolocation accuracy from 2017 to 2020, with a cycle of approximately 747.99 days, during which the accuracy gradually degrades from its peak. It also analyzes the influence of terrain on geometric positioning, revealing that mountainous areas experience the lowest positioning accuracy. Using the constructed GCP database, the average geolocation error of Gaofen-3 FSII imagery is reduced from 44.64 meters to 7.94 meters across various terrains, achieving consistent accuracy across all three terrain types.To monitor and improve the geolocation accuracy of domestic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payloads, this paper identifies wind turbine locations across three terrain types using high-resolution remote sensing imagery and deep learning models. Leveraging the strong scattering characteristics of wind turbines in SAR imagery, it constructs a large-scale ground control point (GCP) database for long-term and wide-area geometric processing of SAR images. The results show that Gaofen-3 Fine Strip II (FSII) mode imagery exhibits periodic fluctuations in geolocation accuracy from 2017 to 2020, with a cycle of approximately 747.99 days, during which the accuracy gradually degrades from its peak. It also analyzes the influence of terrain on geometric positioning, revealing that mountainous areas experience the lowest positioning accuracy. Using the constructed GCP database, the average geolocation error of Gaofen-3 FSII imagery is reduced from 44.64 meters to 7.94 meters across various terrains, achieving consistent accuracy across all three terrain types.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1112 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.24036
Research Progress on Hydrogen Leakage Models
MA Tiancai, JING Xiuhui, CHEN Yimeng, YANG Yanbo, and HUA Qingsong
The basic theoretical models established by domestic and foreign researches on hydrogen leakage are reviewed. The characteristics of hydrogen leakage are described from jet structure, diffusion plume, concentration accumulation, etc., and the latest research results on hydrogen leakage based on numerical simulation are introduced. The buoyancy jet models under slow hydrogen leakage are developed. However, model prediction under under-expanded hydrogen jet conditions presents great challenges. The numerical simulation method is very suitable for studying the diffusion law of hydrogen leakage in complex scenarios, but more experimental data are needed. The hydrogen prediction models based on advanced machine learning technology show great application prospect. In the future, hydrogen leakage models need to be further developed to broaden the applicable scenarios and improve the prediction accuracy.The basic theoretical models established by domestic and foreign researches on hydrogen leakage are reviewed. The characteristics of hydrogen leakage are described from jet structure, diffusion plume, concentration accumulation, etc., and the latest research results on hydrogen leakage based on numerical simulation are introduced. The buoyancy jet models under slow hydrogen leakage are developed. However, model prediction under under-expanded hydrogen jet conditions presents great challenges. The numerical simulation method is very suitable for studying the diffusion law of hydrogen leakage in complex scenarios, but more experimental data are needed. The hydrogen prediction models based on advanced machine learning technology show great application prospect. In the future, hydrogen leakage models need to be further developed to broaden the applicable scenarios and improve the prediction accuracy.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1102 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.23435
Influence and Mechanism of Complexing Agents on Performance of Aluminum Sulfate-Based Alkali-Free Liquid Accelerator
SUN Zhenping, GE Yulong, TIAN Juntao, YANG Haijing, and LI Zhilin
The influence of complexing agents including formic acid, oxalic acid and phosphoric acid on the storage stability of aluminum sulfate-based alkali-free liquid accelerator (LA), the setting time of cement paste and the compressive strength of mortar were studied in the present research. And their mechanism were investigated by analyzing hydration process as well as the phase composition and microscopic morphology of cement paste containing aluminum sulfate-based LA using hydration heat flow calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that three kinds of complexing agents improved the storage stability of aluminum sulfate-based LA, and their effect was in the order of phosphoric acid > formic acid > oxalic acid. At the same aluminum sulfate proportion, with the introduction of three individual complexing agent into aluminum sulfate-based LA, the setting time of cement paste was shortened significantly. Among three complexing agents, their effect on improving the accelerating effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA was in the order of formic acid > oxalic acid > phosphoric acid. Using oxalic acid as complexing agent improved the early strength effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA, while phosphoric acid was beneficial to improving the 28 d compressive strength of mortar. The acid radical ions of complexing agents can form a stable complex with Al3+ in aluminum sulfate-based LA, which can increase the content of Al3+ and the amount of AFt formed in the hydrated system, thus enhance the accelerating and early strength effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA.The influence of complexing agents including formic acid, oxalic acid and phosphoric acid on the storage stability of aluminum sulfate-based alkali-free liquid accelerator (LA), the setting time of cement paste and the compressive strength of mortar were studied in the present research. And their mechanism were investigated by analyzing hydration process as well as the phase composition and microscopic morphology of cement paste containing aluminum sulfate-based LA using hydration heat flow calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that three kinds of complexing agents improved the storage stability of aluminum sulfate-based LA, and their effect was in the order of phosphoric acid > formic acid > oxalic acid. At the same aluminum sulfate proportion, with the introduction of three individual complexing agent into aluminum sulfate-based LA, the setting time of cement paste was shortened significantly. Among three complexing agents, their effect on improving the accelerating effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA was in the order of formic acid > oxalic acid > phosphoric acid. Using oxalic acid as complexing agent improved the early strength effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA, while phosphoric acid was beneficial to improving the 28 d compressive strength of mortar. The acid radical ions of complexing agents can form a stable complex with Al3+ in aluminum sulfate-based LA, which can increase the content of Al3+ and the amount of AFt formed in the hydrated system, thus enhance the accelerating and early strength effect of aluminum sulfate-based LA.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1093 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.24255
Risk Assessment of Farmland Soil Pollution Downstream of Pile Leaching Site Based on Heavy Metal Form Analysis
CHEN Yonggui, WEN Zihao, FU Jun, ZHOU Han, and JIANG Zhaoming
In order to reasonably assess the risk of contaminated sites, the total amount of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As heavy metals in the soil was determined by taking the farmland soil downstream of a copper pile leaching site in Yunnan, China as an example. The occurrence forms of the four heavy metals were determined by improved BCR (Bureau of European Communities Reference) continuous extraction method, and the correlation among the four heavy metals was analyzed. The soil heavy metal pollution and potential risk were evaluated by in-situ accumulation index (Igeo), primary and secondary comparison value (RSP) and the risk assessment coding method (RAC). The results show that the average contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As are 39.50, 46.98, 0.16, and 82.67 mg·kg-1. Compared with the background value of heavy metals in Yunnan, the over-standard rates of the four heavy metals are 0%, 83.33%, 33.33%, and 100%, among which the pollution of As required special attention. The results of heavy metal occurrence indicate that Cu, Pb, Cd, and As are mainly in residual form, accounting for 83.14% to 95.62%, suggesting that the four heavy metals exist in stable form in soil. A comparison of the four evaluation methods demonstrates that there are significant differences in evaluation results. The Igeo results show that only As pollution exceeds the standard, while the other three heavy metals are pollution-free. The RSP results show that the four heavy metals are pollution-free to the environment. The RAC results show that Cd has a low risk to the soil environment, while the other three heavy metals had no risk. By comparison, it is found that only the total amount of heavy metals in the soil of the polluted site as an evaluation index would exaggerate the pollution risk to a certain extent, and the analysis should be conducted by combining the total amount of heavy metals and the content of their occurrence forms. Although the total concentration of heavy metal pollutants is relatively high, the content of a bioavailable heavy metal is very low, resulting in a minimal risk of diffusion into the environment. Therefore, the study area is subject to mild heavy metal contamination, with a low level of potential ecological risk.In order to reasonably assess the risk of contaminated sites, the total amount of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As heavy metals in the soil was determined by taking the farmland soil downstream of a copper pile leaching site in Yunnan, China as an example. The occurrence forms of the four heavy metals were determined by improved BCR (Bureau of European Communities Reference) continuous extraction method, and the correlation among the four heavy metals was analyzed. The soil heavy metal pollution and potential risk were evaluated by in-situ accumulation index (Igeo), primary and secondary comparison value (RSP) and the risk assessment coding method (RAC). The results show that the average contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As are 39.50, 46.98, 0.16, and 82.67 mg·kg-1. Compared with the background value of heavy metals in Yunnan, the over-standard rates of the four heavy metals are 0%, 83.33%, 33.33%, and 100%, among which the pollution of As required special attention. The results of heavy metal occurrence indicate that Cu, Pb, Cd, and As are mainly in residual form, accounting for 83.14% to 95.62%, suggesting that the four heavy metals exist in stable form in soil. A comparison of the four evaluation methods demonstrates that there are significant differences in evaluation results. The Igeo results show that only As pollution exceeds the standard, while the other three heavy metals are pollution-free. The RSP results show that the four heavy metals are pollution-free to the environment. The RAC results show that Cd has a low risk to the soil environment, while the other three heavy metals had no risk. By comparison, it is found that only the total amount of heavy metals in the soil of the polluted site as an evaluation index would exaggerate the pollution risk to a certain extent, and the analysis should be conducted by combining the total amount of heavy metals and the content of their occurrence forms. Although the total concentration of heavy metal pollutants is relatively high, the content of a bioavailable heavy metal is very low, resulting in a minimal risk of diffusion into the environment. Therefore, the study area is subject to mild heavy metal contamination, with a low level of potential ecological risk.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1084 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.23436
Analysis of Influencing Factors and Severity of Chain Rear-End Collision Using Text Mining
WANG Ling, LI Yidan, WANG Zijian, ZHANG Long, XING Yingying, and MA Wanjing
Based on nearly eight years of data collected from Weibo, eight topics related to chain rear-end collisions were identified using the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model and social network analysis, revealing the main characteristics and mechanisms of these accidents. The study finds that highways are the primary accident scenes. Accident frequency during rain and snow is higher than in foggy conditions. Failure to maintain a safe following distance and speeding significantly increase accident risk. By assigning topics to each document using LDA and extracting severity information through regular expressions, an ordered logit regression model was constructed to analyze the impact of different topics on accident severity. The results show that the average number of injuries and fatalities in chain rear-end collisions are 2.12 and 1.85 times higher the averages for general motor vehicle traffic accidents, respectively. The severity of chain rear-end collisions on highways is higher than at intersections, with an odds ratio (OR) 3.3 times that of intersections. The OR for foggy-related accidents is 9.4 times that of rainy and snow, while the OR for accidents involving trucks is 4.6 times that of cars is 2.2 times that of buses.Based on nearly eight years of data collected from Weibo, eight topics related to chain rear-end collisions were identified using the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model and social network analysis, revealing the main characteristics and mechanisms of these accidents. The study finds that highways are the primary accident scenes. Accident frequency during rain and snow is higher than in foggy conditions. Failure to maintain a safe following distance and speeding significantly increase accident risk. By assigning topics to each document using LDA and extracting severity information through regular expressions, an ordered logit regression model was constructed to analyze the impact of different topics on accident severity. The results show that the average number of injuries and fatalities in chain rear-end collisions are 2.12 and 1.85 times higher the averages for general motor vehicle traffic accidents, respectively. The severity of chain rear-end collisions on highways is higher than at intersections, with an odds ratio (OR) 3.3 times that of intersections. The OR for foggy-related accidents is 9.4 times that of rainy and snow, while the OR for accidents involving trucks is 4.6 times that of cars is 2.2 times that of buses.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1074 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.24213
Identification and Optimization Strategies of Mismatched Region of Public Transport Resource Allocation
WU Jiaorong and TIAN Zili
The mismatch between supply and demand in public transport resource allocation leads to inefficiencies in operations and waste of resources. Therefore, it is essential to identify mismatched regions in public transport resource allocation. However, due to the scale effect of public transport resource allocation and the differences in mobility and travel preferences among regions, it is challenging to identify the mismatch relationship. By calculating the locational quotient (LQ) to identify regions of imbalance between supply and demand, and using the multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to analyze the supply and demand adjustment mechanism with spatial differentiation, this paper comprehensively identified the mismatched regions of public transport resource, and conducted an empirical analysis in Jiading District, Shanghai. The regression results show that the residential-job density, bus service frequency, factory land ratio, and metro station presence have significant local effects on ridership, indicating strong spatial heterogeneity. Based on the induced ridership potential of residential-job density and the bus service frequency, this paper classified the region into four categories: “strong-strong”, “strong-weak”, “weak-strong” and “weak-weak”. Then it proposed differentiated strategies for public transport development. The “strong-strong” and “weak-weak” types represent regions with mismatched supply and demand, where it is recommended to adjust public transport supply using LQ analysis. For the “strong-weak” and “weak-strong” types, strategies should focus on optimization of the network layout and introduction of travel demand, respectively. The proposed method for identifying mismatched public transport resource regions contributes to the theoretical advancement of scientifically allocating public transport resources and improving efficiency while reducing costs.The mismatch between supply and demand in public transport resource allocation leads to inefficiencies in operations and waste of resources. Therefore, it is essential to identify mismatched regions in public transport resource allocation. However, due to the scale effect of public transport resource allocation and the differences in mobility and travel preferences among regions, it is challenging to identify the mismatch relationship. By calculating the locational quotient (LQ) to identify regions of imbalance between supply and demand, and using the multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model to analyze the supply and demand adjustment mechanism with spatial differentiation, this paper comprehensively identified the mismatched regions of public transport resource, and conducted an empirical analysis in Jiading District, Shanghai. The regression results show that the residential-job density, bus service frequency, factory land ratio, and metro station presence have significant local effects on ridership, indicating strong spatial heterogeneity. Based on the induced ridership potential of residential-job density and the bus service frequency, this paper classified the region into four categories: “strong-strong”, “strong-weak”, “weak-strong” and “weak-weak”. Then it proposed differentiated strategies for public transport development. The “strong-strong” and “weak-weak” types represent regions with mismatched supply and demand, where it is recommended to adjust public transport supply using LQ analysis. For the “strong-weak” and “weak-strong” types, strategies should focus on optimization of the network layout and introduction of travel demand, respectively. The proposed method for identifying mismatched public transport resource regions contributes to the theoretical advancement of scientifically allocating public transport resources and improving efficiency while reducing costs.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1063 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.23465
Development of a Car-Following Model for Urban Underground Roads Based on Theory-Data Dual-Driving
YANG Hemeng, ZHANG Lanfang, WU Yating, ZHOU Ruida, and LI Xiang
Based on the vehicle trajectory data of urban underground roads in Shanghai, this paper proposes a theory-data driven vehicle car-following model in urban underground roads. The vehicle trajectory data are collected and processed by millimeter wave radar to screen the car-following behavior. Based on the characteristics of car-following behavior on underground roads, a theory-driven intelligent driver model (IDM) and a data-driven long short-term memory (LSTM) car-following model are developed for acceleration, velocity, and distance headway, and error comparison is conducted. Finally, the prediction results of the two types of models are regarded as two sets of observations for the same system state obtained by different observation methods, and the real driving state is predicted by the adaptive Kalman filter method. The IDM-LSTM hybrid model based on speed prediction is developed, achieving a root mean square error of 0.118 7, outperforms the single IDM (0.583 6) and LSTM (0.123 9) models. This paper can provide valuable reference for the operation and road safety management of urban underground roads.Based on the vehicle trajectory data of urban underground roads in Shanghai, this paper proposes a theory-data driven vehicle car-following model in urban underground roads. The vehicle trajectory data are collected and processed by millimeter wave radar to screen the car-following behavior. Based on the characteristics of car-following behavior on underground roads, a theory-driven intelligent driver model (IDM) and a data-driven long short-term memory (LSTM) car-following model are developed for acceleration, velocity, and distance headway, and error comparison is conducted. Finally, the prediction results of the two types of models are regarded as two sets of observations for the same system state obtained by different observation methods, and the real driving state is predicted by the adaptive Kalman filter method. The IDM-LSTM hybrid model based on speed prediction is developed, achieving a root mean square error of 0.118 7, outperforms the single IDM (0.583 6) and LSTM (0.123 9) models. This paper can provide valuable reference for the operation and road safety management of urban underground roads.
- Aug. 26, 2025
- Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)
- Vol. 53, Issue 7, 1055 (2025)
- DOI：10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.24023
OpticsNatural ScienceEngineeringAgricultureMedical ScienceMultidisciplinaryAll Subjects
Journal
Aug. 17, 2026
Submission Open:1 September 2026; Submission Deadline: 1 December 2026
Editor (s): Yuri Kivshar,Zhanghua Han,Maxim Gorkunov,Yongmin Liu,Ivan Fernandez Corbaton
Special Issue on PROton BOron Nuclear fusion: from energy production to medical applicatiOns (2026)
Submission Open:14 July 2026; Submission Deadline: 28 April 2027
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